Dip. ABC/Politecnico di Milano
Le Nature Based Solutions (NBS) si sono imposte negli ultimi decenni come concetto chiave nel dibattito sull’adattamento delle città ai cambiamenti climatici. Definite da IUCN e Commissione europea come interventi che proteggono ecosistemi e promuovono benefici ambientali, sociali ed economici, le NBS emergono come strumenti per incrementare la resilienza urbana e territoriale. La piena adozione di questo approccio, tuttavia, richiede uno sforzo ulteriore per superare le criticità e i limiti che ad oggi ne limitano l’applicazione. Questo contributo ripercorre i principali argomenti a sostegno e di critica verso le NBS rilevati in studi e progetti europei, evidenziando la necessità di approfondire conoscenze, strumenti e applicazioni operative, per supportare un dialogo multi-disciplinare e migliorare l’integrazione nei processi di pianificazione urbana.
Alva A. (2022), “A critical perspective on the European Commission’s publications ‘Evaluating the impact of nature-based solutions”, Nature-Based Solutions, vol. 2, 100027. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NBSJ.2022.100027
Biernacka M., Kronenberg J., Łaszkiewicz E., Czembrowski P., Amini Parsa V., et al. (2023), “Beyond urban parks: Mapping informal green spaces in an urban–peri-urban gradient”, Land Use Policy, vol. 131, 106746. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LANDUSEPOL.2023.106746
Biraghi M. (2017). “La sparizione dell’architettura”, GIZMO Architectural Review, 5 luglio [https://www.gizmoweb.org/2017/07/la....
Burch S., Gupta A., Inoue C. Y. A., Kalfagianni A., Persson Å., et al. (2019), “New directions in earth system governance research”, Earth System Governance, vol. 1, 100006. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESG.2019.100006
Cassin J. (2021). “History and development of nature-based solutions: Concepts and practice”, in J. Cassin, J. H. Matthews, E. Lopez Gunn (eds.), Nature-Based Solutions and Water Security: An Action Agenda for the 21st Century, p. 19-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819871-1.00018-X
Cook L. M., Good K. D., Moretti M., Kremer P., Wadzuk B., et al. (2024), “Towards the intentional multifunctionality of urban green infrastructure: a paradox of choice?”, Npj Urban Sustainability, vol. 4, no. 12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42949-024-00145-0
Crutzen P. J. (2002), “Geology of mankind”, Nature, vol. 415, no. 23. https://doi.org/10.1038/415023a
Crutzen P. J., Stoermer, E. F. (2000), “The ‘Anthropocene’”, Global Change Newsletter, no. 41, p. 17-18.
EEA - European Environmental Agency (2019), SOER 2020 - L’ambiente in Europa: Stato e prospettive nel 2020. Relazione di sintesi, Ufficio delle pubblicazioni dell’Unione europea, Luxembourg. https://doi.org/10.2800/834592
EEA (2021), Nature-based solutions in Europe: policy, knowledge and practice for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
EEA (2024), Europe’s sustainability transitions outlook, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. https://doi.org/10.2800/799889
EEA (2025), Imagining a sustainable Europe in 2050, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. https://doi.org/10.2800/4293606
EC - European Commission (2012), The Multifunctionality of Green Infrastructure. In-depth report, Science for Environment Policy [http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nat....
EC (2015), Towards an EU Research and Innovation policy agenda. Final report of the Horizon 2020 expert group on Nature-based solutions and re-naturing cities, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. https://doi.org/10.2777/765301
EC (2020), EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 Bringing nature back into our lives, COM/2020/380 final [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-con....
EC (2021), Evaluating the impact of nature-based solutions: a handbook for practitioners, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. https://doi.org/10.2777/244577
Frantzeskaki N. (2019), “Seven lessons for planning nature-based solutions in cities”, Environmental Science and Policy, vol. 93, p. 101-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.12.033
Geneletti D., Cortinovis C., Zardo L., Esmail B. A. (2020), Planning for Ecosystem Services in Cities, Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20024-4
Gibelli G. (2021), “Nature-Based Solutions ieri, oggi e domani”, Reticula, vol. 28, p. 5-12.
Hoffman K. N. (2023), “Justifying nature-based solutions”, Biology and Philosophy, vol. 38, no. 5, p. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10539-023-09926-W/METRICS
Hüsken L. M., Slinger J. H., Vreugdenhil H. S. I., Altamirano M. A. (2024), “Money talks. A systems perspective on funding and financing barriers to nature-based solutions”, Nature-Based Solutions, vol. 6, no. 100200. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NBSJ.2024.100200
IPCC (2022), Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland.
IPCC (2023), Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland.
IUCN (2016a), IUCN Resolutions, Recommendations and other Decisions, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
IUCN (2016b), Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges, IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2016.13.EN
IUCN (2020), Global Standard for Nature-based Solutions: a user-friendly framework for the verification, design and scaling up of NbS, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
IUGS-ICS (2024), The Anthropocene: IUGS-ICS Statement [https://www.iugs.org/post/the-anthr....
Konijnendijk C. C. (2023), “Evidence-based guidelines for greener, healthier, more resilient neighbourhoods: Introducing the 3–30–300 rule”, Journal of Forestry Research, vol. 34, no. 3, p, 821-830. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11676-022-01523-Z
McPhearson T., Andersson E., Elmqvist T., Frantzeskaki N. (2015), “Resilience of and through urban ecosystem services”, Ecosystem Services, vol. 12, p. 152-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOSER.2014.07.012
Meadows D. H., Meadows D. L., Randers J., Behrens W. (1972), The limits to growth, Universe books, New York.
Melanidis M. S., Hagerman S. (2022), “Competing narratives of nature-based solutions: Leveraging the power of nature or dangerous distraction?”, Environmental Science & Policy, vol. 132, p. 273-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVSCI.2022.02.028
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005), Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis [https://www.millenniumassessment.or....
Mussinelli E., Tartaglia A., Bisogni L., Malcevschi S., Analisti Ambientali A. (2018), “Il ruolo delle Nature-Based Solutions nel progetto architettonico e urbano”, Techne, vol. 18, p. 116-123. https://doi.org/10.13128/Techne-22112
Mussinelli E., Tartaglia A., Castaldo G. (2020), “Il tempo della città tra natura e artificio”, Techne, vol. 20, p. 131-139. https://doi.org/10.13128/techne-8243
Nelson D. R., Bledsoe B. P., Ferreira S., Nibbelink N. P. (2020), “Challenges to realizing the potential of nature-based solutions”, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, vol. 45, p. 49–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COSUST.2020.09.001
Nesshöver C., Assmuth T., Irvine K. N., Rusch G. M., Waylen K. A., et al. (2017), “The science, policy and practice of nature-based solutions: An interdisciplinary perspective”, Science of The Total Environment, vol. 579, p. 1215-1227. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2016.11.106
Potschin M., Kretsch C., Haines-Young R., Furman E., Berry P., et al. (2015), “Nature-Based Solutions”, in M. Potschin, K. Jax (eds.), OpenNESS Ecosystem Service Reference Book, EC FP7 Grant Agreement no. 308428.
Rastelli V., Ciccarese L. (2021), “Nature-Based Solutions o soluzioni basate sulla natura: concetto, definizioni e contesto internazionale”, Reticula, vol. 28, p. 13-26.
Rupprecht C. D. D., Byrne J. A. (2014), “Informal urban greenspace: A typology and trilingual systematic review of its role for urban residents and trends in the literature”, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, vol. 13, no. 4, p. 597-611. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.UFUG.2014.09.002
Seddon N., Smith A., Smith P., Key I., Chausson A., et al. (2021), “Getting the message right on nature-based solutions to climate change”, Global Change Biology, vol. 27, p. 1518-1546. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15513
Thian O., Yeo S., Johari M., Yusof M., Maruthaveeran S., et al. (2022), “ABC of green infrastructure analysis and planning: The basic ideas and methodological guidance based on landscape ecological principle”, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, vol. 73, no. 127600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127600
Toxopeus H., Polzin F. (2021), “Reviewing financing barriers and strategies for urban nature-based solutions”, Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 289, no. 112371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112371
Turner M., Singer R. (2014), “Urban Resilience in Climate Change”, in S. von Schorlemer, S. Maus (eds.), Climate Change as a Threat to Peace: Impacts on Cultural Heritage and Cultural Diversity, Peter Lang AG, p. 63-82.
Tzortzi J. N., Lux M. S. (2022), “Re-starting from cultural heritage to design the resilience of historical urban centres”, in A. Gospodini (ed.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Changing Cities V: Spatial, Design, Landscape, Heritage & Socio-Economic dimension, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece, p. 741-751.
Tzortzi J. N., Lux M. S., Musacchio R. M. C., Castiglioni C. A. (2023), “Integrating Earth-Observation services to improve the resilience of Milan urban area towards Climate Change within HARMONIA project”, in 2023 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event, JURSE 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/JURSE57346.2023.10144183
Ugolini F., Massetti L., Calaza-Martínez P., Cariñanos P., Dobbs C., et al. (2020), “Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the use and perceptions of urban green space: An international exploratory study”, Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, vol. 56, 126888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126888
UN - United Nations (1987), Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future (The Brundtland Report) [https://digitallibrary.un.org/recor....
UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (2011), Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape, including a glossary of definitions, UNESCO, Paris, France.
UNISDR - United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (2009), Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction, UNISDR, Geneva, Switzerland.
UNEA - United Nations Environment Assembly (2022), Resolution adopted by the United Nations Environment Assembly on 2 March 2022.
Watkin L.J., Ruangpan L., Vojinovic Z., Weesakul S., Torres A.S. (2019), “A Framework for Assessing Benefits of Implemented Nature-Based Solutions”, Sustainability, vol. 11, 6788. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236788
World Economic Forum (2023), The Global Risks Report 2023 18th Edition, World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland.